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 Kwanzaa is a celebration of seven principles, which are: |
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 Cooperative Economics
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 Self-Determination |
 Principles of Kwanzaa Kwanzaa celebrates what its founder called "The Seven Principles of Kwanzaa," or Nguzo Saba (originally Nguzu Saba - "The Seven Principles of Blackness"), which Karenga said "is a communitarian African philosophy" consisting of what Karenga called "the best of African thought and practice in constant exchange with the world." These seven principles comprise Kawaida, a Swahili term for tradition and reason. Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa is dedicated to one of the following principles, as follows: * Umoja (Unity) To strive for and to maintain unity in the family, community, nation and race. * Kujichagulia (Self-Determination) To define ourselves, name ourselves, create for ourselves and speak for ourselves. * Ujima (Collective Work and Responsibility) To build and maintain our community together and make our brothers' and sisters' problems our problems and to solve them together. * Ujamaa (Cooperative Economics) To build and maintain our own stores, shops and other businesses and to profit from them together. * Nia (Purpose) To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness. * Kuumba (Creativity) To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it. * Imani (Faith) To believe with all our heart in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders and the righteousness and victory of our struggle. |
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Ron Karenga created Kwanzaa in 1966 as the first specifically African-American holiday.[2] Although the historical Juneteenth African American holiday had been celebrated since the late 1800s,[3] Karenga said his goal was to "...give Blacks an alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society."[4] The name Kwanzaa derives from the Swahili phrase "matunda ya kwanza", meaning "first fruits". The choice of Swahili, an East African language, reflects its status as a symbol of Pan-Africanism, especially in the 1960s. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanzaa Kwanzaa is a celebration that has its roots in the black nationalist movement of the 1960s, and was established as a means to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study of "African traditions" and "common humanist principles." The first Kwanzaa stamp was issued by the United States Postal Service on October 22, 1997 [5] at the Natural History Museum in Los Angeles, California. In 2004 a second Kwanzaa stamp, created by artist Daniel Minter was issued which has seven figures in colorful robes symbolizing the seven principles.[6] During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said that it was meant to be an alternative to Christmas, that "Jesus was psychotic", and that Christianity was a white religion that blacks should shun.[7][8] However, as Kwanzaa gained mainstream adherents, Karenga altered his position so as not to alienate practicing Christians, then stating in the 1997 Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community, and Culture, "Kwanzaa was not created to give people an alternative to their own religion or religious holiday."[9] The origins of Kwanzaa are not secret and are openly acknowledged by those promoting the holiday.[10] Many Christian African-Americans who celebrate Kwanzaa do so in addition to observing Christmas |
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* A program to raise the faith level in African-American children through Scripture, Kwanzaa principles and culture, Janette Elizabeth Chandler Kotey, DMin, Oral Roberts University,1999
* The US Organization: African-American cultural nationalism in the era of Black Power, 1965 to the 1970s, Scot D. Brown, PhD, Cornell University, 1999
* Rituals of race, ceremonies of culture: Kwanzaa and the making of a Black Power holiday in the United States,1966—2000, Keith Alexander Mayes, PhD, Princeton University, 2002
* Interview: Kwanzaa creator Ron Karenga discusses the evolution of the holiday and its meaning in 2004 By: Tony Cox. Tavis Smiley (NPR), 26 December 2003
* Tolerance in the News: Kwanzaa: A threat to Christmas? By Camille Jackson | Staff Writer, Tolerance.org, 22 December 2005
* The Black Candle: A Kwanzaa Celebration by Maya Angelou
* The History Channel: Kwanzaa
* Heritage Day in South Africa
1. ^ a b ""Why Kwanzaa Video"". "Ron Karenga". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/kwanzaa.html.
2. ^ "The Evening Hours". New York Times". 1983-12-30. http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00B1EFD395C0C738FDDAB0994DB484D81. Retrieved 2006-12-15.
3. ^ http://www.juneteenth.com/
4. ^ Kwanzaa: origin, concepts, practice p. 21
5. ^ Bringing Good Into the World
6. ^ Kwanzaa featured on this year's holiday U.S. postage stamp
7. ^ Karenga, Ron (1967). "Religion". in Clyde Halisi, James Mtume. The quotable Karenga. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press. pp. 25. 23769.8. http://www.piratepundit.com/karenga6.html.
8. ^ Levine, Jed (2006-11-28). "Have yourself a merry little solstice". Daily Bruinshut up (University of California, Los Angeles). http://dailybruin.com/news/2006/nov/28/ihave-yourself-a-merry-little-/. Retrieved 2007-12-27. "Karenga himself admitted during the early years of Kwanzaa that the holiday was meant to be an alternative to Christmas, since his original stance was that Christianity was a white religion that black people should reject, even writing that “Jesus was psychotic.”"
1. ^ The story of Kwanzaa
2. ^ "The Official Kwanzaa Website - Founders Message". http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/origins1.shtml. Retrieved 2005-12-30.
3. ^ a b Bush, George W. (2004-12-23). "Presidential Kwanzaa Message, 2004". Office of the Press Secretary. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/12/20041223-2.html. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
4. ^ "2004 Holiday Spending by Region", 'Survey by BIGresearch, conducted for National Retail Foundation', 14 October 2004
5. ^ Dispatches from the Ebony Tower By Manning Marable Page 224
6. ^ "Clinton offers holiday messages". CNN. 1997-12-23. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/12/23/message/. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
7. ^ Gale, Elaine (1998-12-26). "Appeal of Kwanzaa continues to grow; holidays: today marks start of the seven-day celebration of African culture, which began in Watts 32 years ago and is now observed by millions.". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/37610058.html?dids=37610058:37610058&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+26%2C+1998&author=ELAINE+GALE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Appeal+of+Kwanzaa+Continues+to+Grow%3B+Holidays%3A+Today+marks+start+of+the+seven-day+celebration+of+African+culture%2C+which+began+in+Watts+32+years+ago+and+is+now+observed+by+millions.&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
8. ^ Kwanzaa Greeting
1. ^ A Model Kwanzaa Ceremony
2. ^ The Spirit of Kwanzaa
3. ^ The Dance Institute of Washington
4. ^ Kwanzaa: origin, concepts, practice, p. 21, cited at "Believersweb.org". http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=917. Retrieved 2005-12-29.
5. ^ Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture, p. 110, cited at "Believersweb.org". http://www.believersweb.org/view.cfm?ID=917. Retrieved 2005-12-29.
6. ^ "The Official Kwanzaa Website". http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/faq.shtml. Retrieved 2005-12-29.
7. ^ "The Official Kwanzaa Website FAQ". http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/faq.shtml. Retrieved 2005-12-29.
8. ^ http://www.jewishworldreview.com/tony/snow123199.asp
9. ^ http://media.www.districtchronicles.com/media/storage/paper263/news/2004/12/30/Cover/Kwanzaa.Celebration.Stirs.Pride.And.Debate-830193